The summit is the border of Nepal to the south and China or Tibet on the north
It is over 60 million years old
Everest was formed by the movement of the Indian tectonic plate pushing up and against the Asian plate
Everest grows by about a quarter of an inch (0.25") every year
It consist of different types of shale, limestone and marble
The rocky summit is covered with deep snow all year long
Weather
The Jet Stream sits on top of Everest almost all year long
The wind can blow over 200 mph
The temperature can be -80F
In mid May each year, the jet stream moves north causing the winds the calm and temperatures to warm enough for people to try to summit. This is called the 'summit window'. There is a similar period each fall in November.
It can also be very hot with temperatures over 100F in the Western Cwm, an area climbers go through to reach the summit.
History
Like all mountains around the world the local indigenous people were the first to see it
Everest is called Chomolungma by the Tibetan people. It means mother goddess of the universe
Everest was named Sagarmatha by the Nepal Government. It means goddess of the sky
It was first identified for the western world by a British survey team lead by Sir George Everest in 1841
Everest was first named Peak 15 and measured at 29,002 feet in 1856
In 1865, it was named Mount Everest, after Sir George Everest
In 1955, the height was adjusted to 29,028 feet and is still used by Nepal
China uses 29,015 feet as the official height today
Using GPS technology, the summit was measured at 29,035 feet or 8850 meters in 1999
Nepal started to remeasure Everest in 2017 due to the 2015 earthquake and will be finished by 2020
Summits - updated December 2017
Early Attempts and Summits
The first attempt was in 1921 by a British expedition from the north (Tibet) side
The first summit was on May 29, 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa from Nepal. They climbed from the south side on a British expedition lead by Colonel John Hunt.
The first north side summit was on May 25, 1960 by Nawang Gombu (Tibetan) and Chinese climbers Chu Yin-Hau and Wang Fu-zhou
The youngest person to summit was American Jordan Romero, age 13 years 11 months, on May 23, 2010 from the north side.
The oldest person to summit was Japanese Miura Yiuchiro, age 80 on May 23, 2013
The first climbers to summit Everest without bottled oxygen were Italian Reinhold Messner with Peter Habler in 1978
Reinhold Messner is the only person to have truly summited Everest solo and without supplemental oxygen. He did it in 1980 from the Tibet side via the Great Couloir
Male Summits
The youngest male to summit was American Jordan Romero, age 13 years 10 months, on May 23, 2010 from the north side.
The oldest male to summit was Japanese Miura Yiuchiro, age 80 on May 23, 2013
Apa Sherpa (Thami Og), Phurba Tashi Sherpa (Khumjung)and Kami Rita (Topke) Sherpa (Thami) all hold the record for most summits (male or female) with 21, the most recent one in 2017 by Kami Rita.
American Dave Hahn has the most non-Sherpa summits with 15, the most recent in 2013
Female Summits
The first woman to summit Everest was Junko Tabei of Japan in 1975
The oldest woman to summit was Japanese Tamae Watanabe, age 73, in 2012 from the north
The youngest woman to summit was Indian Malavath Poorna, 13 years 11 months on May 25, 2014 from the north side
536 women have summited through June 2017
Nepali, Lakpa Sherpani holds the women's summit record with eight (1 South, 7 north)
Summit Statistics
There have been 8,306 summits of Everest through June 2017 on all routes by 4,833 different people.
1,106 people, mostly Sherpa, have summited multiple times
The Nepal side is more popular with 5,280 summits compared to 3,026 summits from the Tibet side
208 climbers summited without supplemental oxygen through June 2017, about 2.5%
32 climbers have traversed from one side to the other.
542 climbers have summited from both Nepal and Tibet
88 climbers have summited more than once in a single season
Death Statistics
288 people (173 westerners and 115 Sherpas) have died on Everest from 1924 to June 2017 or 3.4% , a rate of 1.22
Of the deaths, 168 died attempting to summit without using supplemental oxygen.
Of the 288 deaths, 71 died on the descent after their summit or 25%
The Nepalese side has seen 5,280 summits with 181 deaths through June 2017 or 3.6%, a rate of 1.27. 121 died not using Os.
The Tibet side has seen 3,206 summits with 107 deaths through June 2017 or 3.7%, a rate of 1.15. 47 died not using Os.
Most bodies all are still on the mountain but China has removed many bodies from sight.
The top causes of death on both sides were from avalanche (77), fall (67), altitude sickness (32) and exposure (26).
About 63% of all expeditions put at least one member on the summit.
From 1923 to 1999: 170 people died on Everest with 1,169 summits or 14.5%. But the deaths drastically declined from 2000 to 2017 with 7,056 summits and 118 deaths or 1.7%.
However, two years skewed the deaths rates with 17 in 2014 and 14 in 2015.
The reduction in deaths is primarily due to better gear, weather forecasting and more people climbing with commercial operations.
Climbing
There are 18 different climbing routes on Everest
It takes 40 days to climb Mt. Everest in order for the body to adjust to the high altitude
There is 66% less oxygen in each breath on the summit of Everest than at sea level
Thin nylon ropes are used to keep climbers from falling.
Climbers wear spikes on their boots called crampons
They also use ice axes to help stop a fall
Thick, puffy suits filled with goose feathers keep climbers warm
Most climbers eat a lot of rice and noodles for food
Almost all climbers use bottled oxygen because it is so high. It helps keep the climbers warm.
Climbers start using bottled oxygen at 26,000 feet but it only makes a 3,000 foot difference in how they feel so at 27,000 feet, they feel like they are at 24,000 feet
You have to be 16 or older to climb from the Nepal side and between 18 and 60 on the Chinese side.
The average expedition takes about 39 days.
Sherpas
Sherpa is the name of a people. They mostly live in western Nepal. They migrated from Tibet over the last several hundred years
Sherpa is also used as a last name
Usually their first name is the day of the week they were born.
Nyima - Sunday
Dawa - Monday
Mingma - Tuesday
Lhakpa - Wednesday
Phurba - Thursday
Pasang - Friday
Pemba - Saturday
Sherpas help climbers by carrying tents and cooking food to the High Camps
Sherpas climb Everest as a job to support their families
Sherpas can get sick from the altitude like anyone
Sherpas feel it is disrespectful to stand literally on the tippy top since that is where Miyolangsangma, the Tibetan Goddess of Mountains, lives.
Trivia
Babu Chiri Sherpa spent the night on the summit in 1999
Apa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi both hold the record for most summits with 21, the most recent one in 2013
Over 33,000 feet of fixed rope is used each year to set the South Col route
You have to be at least 16 to climb Everest from the south side and 18 from the north
Climbers burn over 10,000 calories each day, double that on the summit climb
Climbers will lose 10 to 20 lbs during the expedition
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